An early navigational method was the compass / stopwatch
method. This was a form of Dead / Reckoning [D/R] where the pilot flew a set
course for X minutes than flew a new course for a set number of minutes. A
second feature of this included a height requirement so the track cleared
mountains.
An early example was the Sydney / Melbourne route used by
Kingsford Smith and Ulm's ANA Ltd in 1930. This route was flown using Avro Ten
aircraft, which were British copies of the famous Fokker FV11b/3m "Southern
Cross", using three Armstrong Siddeley Lynx engines. These aircraft were fitted
with Turn and Bank indicator, compass, airspeed indicator, rev counter,
fore-and-aft inclinometer and altimeter. [Job 1991:168]
